Impermanence, bluntly stated. Adi Shankaracharya's verses ask what the wealth, the body, the family and the learning amount to at the end, and answer each time: worship Govinda, foolish mind, worship Govinda. It is also called the Moha Mudgara, the hammer for delusion.
Why is it called a hammer?
Because it does not console. The verses name old age, the failing body, the family's interest in the property rather than the person - and the tradition kept the title because the intention is to break an illusion rather than soothe it.
Who composed all of it?
Tradition holds that Shankara composed the opening verses and his disciples added one each, with him closing it - which is why the collection runs to thirty-one and why the voices differ slightly in tone.
When is it recited?
There is no fixed day. It is recited or sung as a reflection - many keep it for the morning, and it is commonly sung at satsangs and at gatherings after a death, where its plainness is welcome.
Is it a hopeless hymn?
No, it is a redirecting one. Every verse that strips something away ends by pointing at Govinda, so what it removes is the reliance, not the hope. Devotees find it steadying rather than bleak. This page is the stotra; the forty-verse hymn is the Krishna Chalisa, and the lamp-song is Om Jai Jagdish Hare.
About the Bhaja Govindam
The Bhaja Govindam - Adi Shankaracharya's famous hymn (also called Moha Mudgara) urging the seeker to worship Govinda and give up vain attachment.
Meaning
With the refrain "Bhaja Govindam", Shankara reminds the foolish mind that grammar and wealth will not save it at death - only devotion to Govinda leads to liberation.
Benefits
Recited for detachment, discrimination (viveka) and devotion; a guide to spiritual life that turns the mind from worldly illusion toward God.
The Bhaja Govindam above is given in both Devanagari (Sanskrit) and Roman transliteration so you can read it in whichever script you are comfortable with - switch between the two using the buttons above, share the link, or download a PDF.
A stotram is a longer Sanskrit hymn of praise, not a forty-verse chalisa and not the lamp-song of an aarti. Browse every stotra on the Stotram index. For japa of a short formula use a mantra. The steps of worship around the recitation are in Puja Vidhi.