Jain Calendar 1991
A month-by-month list of the significant Jain festivals and fasting (upvas) days - Paryushan and Samvatsari, Mahavir Jayanti, the twelve Rohini Vrats, the Ashtahnika and Navpad Oli parvas, the Chaumasi Chaudas, Varshi Tap and Mahavir Nirvana - with the date and tithi of each.
The Jain Calendar lists 44 dates in 1991, from Parshvanath Janma Kalyanak on 10 January through Rohini Vrat on 20 December. November holds the most with 9 dates. The year runs through Vikram Samvat 2047 – 2048. 1991 carries an Adhik Maas (Vaishakha (Adhik)), the extra lunar month that pushes several dates later than usual. Mahavir Jayanti fell on 28 March, Paryushan began on 5 September, Samvatsari fell on 12 September and Mahavir Nirvana fell on 5 November.
Jain Festivals & Fasting Days
January 1991 Pausha – Magha
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Parshvanath Janma Kalyanak
Tithi 2:26 PM, Jan 9 – 4:45 PM
The birth anniversary (Janma Kalyanak) of Bhagwan Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara, on Pausha Krishna Dashami - kept with the Uvasaggaharam Stotra jaap and fasting.
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Meru Trayodashi
Tithi 10:02 PM, Jan 12 – 12:42 AM, Jan 14
The nirvana (moksha) day of the first Tirthankara, Bhagwan Rishabhadeva (Adinatha), venerated with worship of the sacred Mount Meru.
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 2:34 AM – 11:53 PM
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
February 1991 Magha – Phalguna
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Phalguna Ashtahnika Begins Vrat
Tithi 7:14 PM, Feb 20 – 5:27 PM
The eight-day Ashtahnika Parva preceding the Chaumasi, when the Jains venerate the eternal (shashvata) Jina images with collective worship.
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 5:28 PM, Feb 21 – 3:28 PM
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
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Phalguna Chaumasi Chaudas Vrat
Tithi 3:55 AM – 1:41 AM, Feb 28
The Chaturmasic Chaudas closing one of the three four-month periods, marked by Pratikraman, fasting and penance.
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Phalguna Ashtahnika Ends Vrat
Tithi 1:45 AM – 11:48 PM
The eight-day Ashtahnika Parva preceding the Chaumasi, when the Jains venerate the eternal (shashvata) Jina images with collective worship.
March 1991 Phalguna – Chaitra
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Varshitapa Arambha Vrat
Tithi 2:45 AM – 5:16 AM, Mar 9
The beginning of Varshi Tap - a year-long penance of alternate-day fasting commemorating Bhagwan Rishabhadeva's long fast before his first alms.
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Chaitra Navapada Oli Begins Vrat
Tithi 2:41 AM – 12:33 AM, Mar 23
The nine-day Ayambil (Navpad) Oli - a semi-fast venerating the nine supreme entities (Navpad), observed twice a year in Chaitra and Ashwin.
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 2:41 AM – 12:33 AM, Mar 23
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
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Mahavir Swami Jayanti
Tithi 3:32 PM, Mar 27 – 2:18 PM
The birth anniversary of Bhagwan Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, on Chaitra Shukla Trayodashi - celebrated with processions, abhishek and charity.
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Chaitra Navapada Oli Ends Vrat
Tithi 1:15 PM, Mar 29 – 12:46 PM
The nine-day Ayambil (Navpad) Oli - a semi-fast venerating the nine supreme entities (Navpad), observed twice a year in Chaitra and Ashwin.
April 1991 Chaitra – Vaishakha (Adhik)
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 5:02 PM, Apr 17 – 2:15 PM
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
May 1991 Vaishakha (Adhik) – Vaishakha – Jyeshtha
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 10:09 AM, May 14 – 6:44 AM
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
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Varshitapa Parana
Tithi 3:18 AM – 11:54 PM
The breaking (parana) of the year-long Varshi Tap with sugarcane juice on Akshaya Tritiya, as Bhagwan Rishabhadeva broke his fast.
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Mahavira Swami Kevalagyan
Tithi 11:46 AM, May 22 – 11:37 AM
The day Bhagwan Mahavira attained Kevala Jnana - infinite knowledge and omniscience.
June 1991 Jyeshtha – Ashadha
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 9:17 PM, Jun 11 – 5:37 PM
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
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Shruta Panchami
Tithi 3:49 AM – 1:05 AM, Jun 17
The Digambara festival venerating the Jain scriptures (Shruta) on Jyeshtha Shukla Panchami - commemorating the day the Shatkhandagama was first written down.
July 1991 Ashadha – Shravana
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 2:33 PM, Jul 8 – 11:25 AM
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
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Ashadha Ashtahnika Begins Vrat
Tithi 8:37 AM, Jul 17 – 8:33 AM
The eight-day Ashtahnika Parva preceding the Chaumasi, when the Jains venerate the eternal (shashvata) Jina images with collective worship.
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Ashadha Chaumasi Chaudas Vrat
Tithi 7:00 PM, Jul 24 – 9:33 PM
The Chaturmasic Chaudas closing one of the three four-month periods, marked by Pratikraman, fasting and penance.
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Ashadha Ashtahnika Ends Vrat
Tithi 9:32 PM, Jul 25 – 11:57 PM
The eight-day Ashtahnika Parva preceding the Chaumasi, when the Jains venerate the eternal (shashvata) Jina images with collective worship.
August 1991 Shravana – Bhadrapada
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 12:01 AM – 9:20 PM
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
September 1991 Bhadrapada – Ashwina
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 12:44 PM, Sep 1 – 10:50 AM
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
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Paryushana Parvarambha
Tithi 3:36 AM – 12:50 AM, Sep 6
The start of Paryushan - the holiest eight-day festival of the Jains - of fasting, scriptural study, penance and forgiveness.
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Samvatsari Parva
Tithi 11:08 AM, Sep 11 – 10:58 AM
The final and holiest day of Paryushan - of Pratikraman and Michhami Dukkadam, seeking forgiveness from every living being.
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Das Lakshana Parva Begins
Tithi 10:44 AM, Sep 12 – 11:22 AM
The ten-day Digambara festival of the ten supreme virtues (dharma), from Bhadrapada Shukla Panchami to Chaturdashi - the Digambara counterpart of Paryushan.
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Anant Chaturdashi Vrat
Tithi 3:20 AM – 4:16 AM, Sep 23
The closing day of Das Lakshana, when the fourteen-knot thread of Ananta is worshipped and the Ananta Vrat is observed on Bhadrapada Shukla Chaturdashi.
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Kshamavani Parva
Tithi 4:02 AM – 4:23 AM, Sep 24
The Digambara day of universal forgiveness, the day after Das Lakshana - Jains seek and grant pardon with the words Uttam Kshama and Michhami Dukkadam.
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 10:42 PM, Sep 28 – 8:56 PM
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
October 1991 Ashwina – Kartika
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Ashwina Navapada Oli Begins Vrat
Tithi 7:04 AM, Oct 14 – 9:43 AM
The nine-day Ayambil (Navpad) Oli - a semi-fast venerating the nine supreme entities (Navpad), observed twice a year in Chaitra and Ashwin.
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Ashwina Navapada Oli Ends Vrat
Tithi 6:01 PM, Oct 22 – 4:41 PM
The nine-day Ayambil (Navpad) Oli - a semi-fast venerating the nine supreme entities (Navpad), observed twice a year in Chaitra and Ashwin.
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 12:52 PM, Oct 25 – 10:36 AM
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
November 1991 Kartika – Margashirsha
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Mahavir Nirvana (Diwali)
Tithi 4:57 PM, Nov 4 – 4:34 PM
Diwali marks the nirvana (final liberation) of Bhagwan Mahavira at Pavapuri; Jains keep it with fasting, the Nirvana Laddu and recitation of his last sermon.
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Jain New Year (Vira Nirvana Samvat)
Tithi 4:32 PM, Nov 5 – 4:38 PM
The first day of the Jain Vira Nirvana Samvat year - the morning after Mahavira's nirvana, also the day Gautam Swami attained Kevala Jnana.
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Bhai Dooj (Bhratri Dwitiya)
Tithi 5:11 PM, Nov 7 – 6:23 PM
Sisters honour their brothers on Kartika Shukla Dwitiya, the day Gautam Swami is said to have visited his sister, closing the Diwali observances.
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Jnan Panchami (Labh Panchami)
Tithi 10:24 PM, Nov 10 – 12:57 AM, Nov 12
Knowledge (Jnan) Panchami - Jain scriptures and the gift of knowledge are venerated; in Gujarat it is also kept as Labh Panchami.
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Kartika Ashtahnika Begins Vrat
Tithi 3:44 AM – 6:26 AM, Nov 14
The eight-day Ashtahnika Parva preceding the Chaumasi, when the Jains venerate the eternal (shashvata) Jina images with collective worship.
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Kartika Ratha Yatra
Tithi 9:16 AM, Nov 20 – 6:57 AM
The Kartik Purnima chariot procession (Ratha Yatra) and the great pilgrimage to Shatrunjaya (Palitana), reopened after the Chaturmas.
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Kartika Chaumasi Chaudas Vrat
Tithi 9:16 AM, Nov 20 – 6:57 AM
The Chaturmasic Chaudas closing one of the three four-month periods, marked by Pratikraman, fasting and penance.
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Kartika Ashtahnika Ends Vrat
Tithi 9:16 AM, Nov 20 – 6:57 AM
The eight-day Ashtahnika Parva preceding the Chaumasi, when the Jains venerate the eternal (shashvata) Jina images with collective worship.
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 1:36 AM – 10:38 PM
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
December 1991 Margashirsha – Pausha
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Maun Ekadashi Vrat
Tithi 3:48 AM – 2:58 AM, Dec 18
The great silent (Maun) fast of Margashirsha Shukla Ekadashi, on which 150 Kalyanaks of the Tirthankaras are commemorated - kept with silence, fasting and Posaha.
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Rohini Vrat Vrat
Tithi 10:18 PM, Dec 19 – 7:18 PM
A fasting day observed when the Rohini nakshatra prevails - kept mainly by Jain women for the long life and well-being of their husbands. There are twelve Rohini fasting days in a year.
Tithi start and end times are shown in your local time. Festival dates follow the standard Indian (sunrise) calendar and may vary by a day in other regions, and may differ slightly from regional almanacs (especially around an Adhik Maas).
What happened in the sky in 1991
Beyond the dates the Jain Calendar lists, 1991 brought 6 eclipses - 2 solar and 4 lunar - of which 2 were above the horizon somewhere in India. The year also carried an Adhik Maas, the extra lunar month of Vaishakha, running from 15 April 1991 to 14 May 1991. Jain New Year (Vira Nirvana Samvat) fell on 6 November, 18 days later in the year than in 1990 - a lunar year runs about eleven days short of a solar one.
Eclipses of 1991
| Date (IST) | Eclipse | Hindu date | Seen from India |
|---|---|---|---|
| 16 Jan 5:22 AM | Annular solar eclipse (Surya Grahan) 3 days after Meru Trayodashi | Magha Shukla Pratipada | Not visible |
| 30 Jan 11:28 AM | Penumbral lunar eclipse (Chandra Grahan) | Magha Purnima | Not visible |
| 27 Jun 8:44 AM | Penumbral lunar eclipse (Chandra Grahan) | Ashadha Purnima | Not visible |
| 12 Jul 12:36 AM | Total solar eclipse (Surya Grahan) | Ashadha Shukla Pratipada | Not visible |
| 26 Jul 11:37 PM | Penumbral lunar eclipse (Chandra Grahan) | Shravana Purnima | Penumbral only |
| 21 Dec 4:03 PM | Partial lunar eclipse (Chandra Grahan) | Pausha Purnima | Yes - Sutak observed |
Sutak Kaal was observed for 1 of these. A penumbral (Upachhaya) eclipse is not counted as a grahan.
Guru and Shani in 1991
| Date | Graha | Sign change |
|---|---|---|
| 14 Aug 3:40 PM | Guru (Jupiter) | Karka → Simha |
Jupiter takes about a year to cross a sign, Saturn about two and a half. Rahu entered Dhanu on 13 April 1991, carrying the eclipse axis with it.
Related Calculators
Frequently asked questions about the Jain Calendar 1991
How many festivals and vrats does the Jain Calendar list in 1991?
The Jain Calendar lists 44 dates in 1991, of which 29 are vrats. The first is Parshvanath Janma Kalyanak on Thursday, 10 January 1991, and the last is Rohini Vrat on Friday, 20 December 1991.
When was Paryushan in 1991?
Paryushan began on Thursday, 5 September 1991 and closed on Samvatsari, Thursday, 12 September 1991.
The Digambara Das Lakshana Parva began on Friday, 13 September 1991.
When was Mahavir Jayanti in 1991?
Mahavir Swami Jayanti fell on Thursday, 28 March 1991 (Chaitra Shukla Trayodashi), the birth anniversary of Bhagwan Mahavira.
When was Mahavir Nirvana in 1991?
Mahavir Nirvana was observed on Tuesday, 5 November 1991, the same day as Diwali.
The Jain New Year (Vira Nirvana Samvat) began the next morning, Wednesday, 6 November 1991.
What are the main festival dates in the Jain Calendar for 1991?
The main observances in 1991 are:
- Mahavir Jayanti - Thursday, 28 March 1991
- Paryushan - Thursday, 5 September 1991
- Samvatsari - Thursday, 12 September 1991
- Mahavir Nirvana - Tuesday, 5 November 1991
Which month of 1991 has the most observances in the Jain Calendar?
November 1991 is the fullest month with 9 dates, including Mahavir Nirvana (Diwali), Jain New Year (Vira Nirvana Samvat), Bhai Dooj (Bhratri Dwitiya), Jnan Panchami (Labh Panchami), Kartika Ashtahnika Begins, Kartika Ashtahnika Ends, Kartika Chaumasi Chaudas, Kartika Ratha Yatra.
Which traditional year does 1991 correspond to in the Jain Calendar?
The Gregorian year 1991 spans Vikram Samvat 2047 – 2048. The traditional year does not begin on 1 January, so one Gregorian year usually covers the end of one era year and the start of the next.
Did 1991 have an Adhik Maas?
Yes. 1991 carried an Adhik Maas (Vaishakha (Adhik)), the extra lunar month inserted roughly every third year to keep the lunar calendar in step with the solar one. Festivals falling after it shift later in the Gregorian year, which is why 1991 dates can look out of place beside a neighbouring year.
Were there any eclipses in 1991?
1991 had 6 eclipses:
- 16 January 1991 - Annular solar eclipse (Surya Grahan), not visible from India
- 30 January 1991 - Penumbral lunar eclipse (Chandra Grahan), not visible from India
- 27 June 1991 - Penumbral lunar eclipse (Chandra Grahan), not visible from India
- 12 July 1991 - Total solar eclipse (Surya Grahan), not visible from India
- 26 July 1991 - Penumbral lunar eclipse (Chandra Grahan), penumbral only, so no Sutak was observed
- 21 December 1991 - Partial lunar eclipse (Chandra Grahan), visible in India, so Sutak Kaal was observed
Sutak Kaal is observed only for an eclipse actually visible where you are, so 1 of these was kept in India.
Did Guru or Shani change sign in 1991?
Yes - 1 sign change among the slow grahas in 1991:
- Guru (Jupiter) entered Simha on 14 August 1991
Jupiter takes about a year to cross one sign and Saturn about two and a half, so these transits colour the whole year rather than a single week.
Are these 1991 dates the same everywhere?
The dates follow the standard Indian sunrise-based calendar. Because a tithi begins and ends at a fixed moment rather than at midnight, an observance can fall a day earlier or later where sunrise differs - most noticeably outside India. Set your city in the box at the top to see the start and end times in your own local time, and check the daily Panchang for the exact window on the day.
About the Jain Calendar
A month-by-month list of the significant Jain festivals and fasting (upvas) days - Paryushan and Samvatsari, Mahavir Jayanti, the twelve Rohini Vrats, the Ashtahnika and Navpad Oli parvas, the Chaumasi Chaudas, Varshi Tap and Mahavir Nirvana - with the date and tithi of each.
Each entry lists the festival or vrat with its date, the prevailing tithi, and a short note on the observance. Use the year links to plan ahead into the coming years or to look up a date from the archive.
This list is the festival dates, not the daily five limbs. For sunrise, Rahu Kalam and the day's yoga, open the Panchang. Other calendars are on the Calendars index. The story of a fast is under Vrat Katha.
